Chinese "empty word"

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The term "empty word", or "虚词", in Chinese, refers to "a word or morpheme that has no lexical meaning and that functions as a grammatical link or marker, rather than as a contentive" according to Dictionary.com. But in spite of its long history (back to 1890 to 1895, perhaps invented by a missionary or sinologist), "empty" in "empty word" has the connotation that the words, whoever utters, are not to be trusted, while "虚词" in Chinese is a purely technical, grammatical, term. Incidentally, "hollow word", if it were used as a translation of "虚词", may be closer literally ("hollow" for "虚"), also has unwanted connotation.

Wikipedia considers the word "expletive" as the equivalent of "虚词". We need to think beyond the more common meaning of "expletive" here (words of profanity), and only consider syntactic expletive and expletive attributive. Because of its common usage of the word, neither is perfect in my opinion. In addition, be aware that an expletive in English is not quite equivalent to a "虚词" in Chinese. The latter is purely based on word class, "副词、介词、连词、助词、象声词以及叹词" (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, "Chinese particles", onomatopoeias, and interjections), while grammatical expletives in English are more context-sensitive. That is, all adverbs,[note] prepositions, conjunctions, "Chinese particles", onomatopoeias, and interjections in Chinese are "虚词", with no exception, but there's no such simple rule in English.

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[note] This footnote is needed to avoid simplistic equivalence: English adverbs include almost all words of the construct adjective-ly, but Chinese adverbs are limited to "very", "little", "all", "also", "probably", etc.